User blog comment:KillRoy231/Sam and Dean at the end of Lotus/@comment-26513012-20161217132614/@comment-1975828-20161217173834

I believe high-ranking angels such as Seraphs (Castiel) do retain their wings, but they are broken and damaged and work ineffectively.

No wings = no teleporting

Broken wings = close-distance teleporting

Castiel can still teleport, just not very far and my headcanon is that it hurts to try. That's why he couldn't time travel in season 11 "The Vessel", because his wings were too weak for the task.